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refined (other)

  • 1 Nice

    1. n геогр. Ницца
    2. a хороший, приятный, милый, славный

    nice home — уютная квартира; хорошенький домик

    3. a ирон. хорошенький
    4. a изящный, элегантный; сделанный со вкусом
    5. a вкусный, аппетитный
    6. a любезный, внимательный, тактичный
    7. a скромный, благовоспитанный
    8. a требующий большой точности, осторожности, щепетильности; трудный, сложный

    negotiations needing nice handling — переговоры, требующие осторожного и тонкого подхода

    9. a щепетильный; безукоризненный, безупречный
    10. a уместный, тактичный
    11. a острый; тонкий; чуткий

    nice ear — тонкий слух, чуткое ухо

    12. a точный; тщательный, подробный, скрупулёзный
    13. a разборчивый, взыскательный; придирчивый; изысканный
    14. a эмоц. -усил. уст. -застенчивый; жеманный
    Синонимический ряд:
    1. choosy (adj.) choosy; clerkish; dainty; fastidious; finical; finicking; finicky; fussy; miminy-piminy; niminy-piminy; old-maidish; old-womanish; particular; pernickety; persnickety; picksome; picky; precious; squeamish; squeamy
    2. decorous (adj.) accurate; au fait; becoming; befitting; careful; chaste; Christian; civilized; comely; conforming; correct; de rigueur; decent; decorous; done; exact; meticulous; modest; precise; proper; pure; respectable; right; rigorous; seemly; virtuous; well-bred
    3. fine (adj.) delicate; fine; finespun; hairline; hairsplitting; refined; subtle
    4. pleasant (adj.) agreeable; amicable; congenial; excellent; favorable; favourable; friendly; good; grateful; gratifying; marvelous; pleasant; pleasing; pleasurable; pleasureful; welcome
    5. accurate (other) accurate; critical; demanding; distinguishing; exact; exacting; right
    6. careful (other) careful; considerate; delicate; discerning; discriminating; particular; tactful
    7. fastidious (other) choosy; dainty; fastidious; finical; finicky; fussy; minute; neat; trivial
    8. pleasant (other) admirable; agreeable; delightful; excellent; good; inviting; likable; pleasant; pleasing; superior
    9. refined (other) cultured; decorous; gracious; polite; proper; refined; seemly; well-mannered; well-spoken
    10. subtle (other) demure; fine; modest; subtle
    Антонимический ряд:
    coarse; deformed; disagreeable; disfigured; displeasing; grim; haphazard; hideous; horrid; impolite; improper; inaccurate; mean; miserable; misshapen; nasty; naughty

    English-Russian base dictionary > Nice

  • 2 well-mannered

    a воспитанный, благовоспитанный
    Синонимический ряд:
    refined (other) cultured; decorous; gracious; nice; polite; proper; refined; seemly; well-spoken

    English-Russian base dictionary > well-mannered

  • 3 near cash

    !
    гос. фин. The resource budget contains a separate control total for “near cash” expenditure, that is expenditure such as pay and current grants which impacts directly on the measure of the golden rule.
    This paper provides background information on the framework for the planning and control of public expenditure in the UK which has been operated since the 1998 Comprehensive Spending Review (CSR). It sets out the different classifications of spending for budgeting purposes and why these distinctions have been adopted. It discusses how the public expenditure framework is designed to ensure both sound public finances and an outcome-focused approach to public expenditure.
    The UK's public spending framework is based on several key principles:
    "
    consistency with a long-term, prudent and transparent regime for managing the public finances as a whole;
    " "
    the judgement of success by policy outcomes rather than resource inputs;
    " "
    strong incentives for departments and their partners in service delivery to plan over several years and plan together where appropriate so as to deliver better public services with greater cost effectiveness; and
    "
    the proper costing and management of capital assets to provide the right incentives for public investment.
    The Government sets policy to meet two firm fiscal rules:
    "
    the Golden Rule states that over the economic cycle, the Government will borrow only to invest and not to fund current spending; and
    "
    the Sustainable Investment Rule states that net public debt as a proportion of GDP will be held over the economic cycle at a stable and prudent level. Other things being equal, net debt will be maintained below 40 per cent of GDP over the economic cycle.
    Achievement of the fiscal rules is assessed by reference to the national accounts, which are produced by the Office for National Statistics, acting as an independent agency. The Government sets its spending envelope to comply with these fiscal rules.
    Departmental Expenditure Limits ( DEL) and Annually Managed Expenditure (AME)
    "
    Departmental Expenditure Limit ( DEL) spending, which is planned and controlled on a three year basis in Spending Reviews; and
    "
    Annually Managed Expenditure ( AME), which is expenditure which cannot reasonably be subject to firm, multi-year limits in the same way as DEL. AME includes social security benefits, local authority self-financed expenditure, debt interest, and payments to EU institutions.
    More information about DEL and AME is set out below.
    In Spending Reviews, firm DEL plans are set for departments for three years. To ensure consistency with the Government's fiscal rules departments are set separate resource (current) and capital budgets. The resource budget contains a separate control total for “near cash” expenditure, that is expenditure such as pay and current grants which impacts directly on the measure of the golden rule.
    To encourage departments to plan over the medium term departments may carry forward unspent DEL provision from one year into the next and, subject to the normal tests for tautness and realism of plans, may be drawn down in future years. This end-year flexibility also removes any incentive for departments to use up their provision as the year end approaches with less regard to value for money. For the full benefits of this flexibility and of three year plans to feed through into improved public service delivery, end-year flexibility and three year budgets should be cascaded from departments to executive agencies and other budget holders.
    Three year budgets and end-year flexibility give those managing public services the stability to plan their operations on a sensible time scale. Further, the system means that departments cannot seek to bid up funds each year (before 1997, three year plans were set and reviewed in annual Public Expenditure Surveys). So the credibility of medium-term plans has been enhanced at both central and departmental level.
    Departments have certainty over the budgetary allocation over the medium term and these multi-year DEL plans are strictly enforced. Departments are expected to prioritise competing pressures and fund these within their overall annual limits, as set in Spending Reviews. So the DEL system provides a strong incentive to control costs and maximise value for money.
    There is a small centrally held DEL Reserve. Support from the Reserve is available only for genuinely unforeseeable contingencies which departments cannot be expected to manage within their DEL.
    AME typically consists of programmes which are large, volatile and demand-led, and which therefore cannot reasonably be subject to firm multi-year limits. The biggest single element is social security spending. Other items include tax credits, Local Authority Self Financed Expenditure, Scottish Executive spending financed by non-domestic rates, and spending financed from the proceeds of the National Lottery.
    AME is reviewed twice a year as part of the Budget and Pre-Budget Report process reflecting the close integration of the tax and benefit system, which was enhanced by the introduction of tax credits.
    AME is not subject to the same three year expenditure limits as DEL, but is still part of the overall envelope for public expenditure. Affordability is taken into account when policy decisions affecting AME are made. The Government has committed itself not to take policy measures which are likely to have the effect of increasing social security or other elements of AME without taking steps to ensure that the effects of those decisions can be accommodated prudently within the Government's fiscal rules.
    Given an overall envelope for public spending, forecasts of AME affect the level of resources available for DEL spending. Cautious estimates and the AME margin are built in to these AME forecasts and reduce the risk of overspending on AME.
    Together, DEL plus AME sum to Total Managed Expenditure (TME). TME is a measure drawn from national accounts. It represents the current and capital spending of the public sector. The public sector is made up of central government, local government and public corporations.
    Resource and Capital Budgets are set in terms of accruals information. Accruals information measures resources as they are consumed rather than when the cash is paid. So for example the Resource Budget includes a charge for depreciation, a measure of the consumption or wearing out of capital assets.
    "
    Non cash charges in budgets do not impact directly on the fiscal framework. That may be because the national accounts use a different way of measuring the same thing, for example in the case of the depreciation of departmental assets. Or it may be that the national accounts measure something different: for example, resource budgets include a cost of capital charge reflecting the opportunity cost of holding capital; the national accounts include debt interest.
    "
    Within the Resource Budget DEL, departments have separate controls on:
    "
    Near cash spending, the sub set of Resource Budgets which impacts directly on the Golden Rule; and
    "
    The amount of their Resource Budget DEL that departments may spend on running themselves (e.g. paying most civil servants’ salaries) is limited by Administration Budgets, which are set in Spending Reviews. Administration Budgets are used to ensure that as much money as practicable is available for front line services and programmes. These budgets also help to drive efficiency improvements in departments’ own activities. Administration Budgets exclude the costs of frontline services delivered directly by departments.
    The Budget preceding a Spending Review sets an overall envelope for public spending that is consistent with the fiscal rules for the period covered by the Spending Review. In the Spending Review, the Budget AME forecast for year one of the Spending Review period is updated, and AME forecasts are made for the later years of the Spending Review period.
    The 1998 Comprehensive Spending Review ( CSR), which was published in July 1998, was a comprehensive review of departmental aims and objectives alongside a zero-based analysis of each spending programme to determine the best way of delivering the Government's objectives. The 1998 CSR allocated substantial additional resources to the Government's key priorities, particularly education and health, for the three year period from 1999-2000 to 2001-02.
    Delivering better public services does not just depend on how much money the Government spends, but also on how well it spends it. Therefore the 1998 CSR introduced Public Service Agreements (PSAs). Each major government department was given its own PSA setting out clear targets for achievements in terms of public service improvements.
    The 1998 CSR also introduced the DEL/ AME framework for the control of public spending, and made other framework changes. Building on the investment and reforms delivered by the 1998 CSR, successive spending reviews in 2000, 2002 and 2004 have:
    "
    provided significant increase in resources for the Government’s priorities, in particular health and education, and cross-cutting themes such as raising productivity; extending opportunity; and building strong and secure communities;
    " "
    enabled the Government significantly to increase investment in public assets and address the legacy of under investment from past decades. Departmental Investment Strategies were introduced in SR2000. As a result there has been a steady increase in public sector net investment from less than ¾ of a per cent of GDP in 1997-98 to 2¼ per cent of GDP in 2005-06, providing better infrastructure across public services;
    " "
    introduced further refinements to the performance management framework. PSA targets have been reduced in number over successive spending reviews from around 300 to 110 to give greater focus to the Government’s highest priorities. The targets have become increasingly outcome-focused to deliver further improvements in key areas of public service delivery across Government. They have also been refined in line with the conclusions of the Devolving Decision Making Review to provide a framework which encourages greater devolution and local flexibility. Technical Notes were introduced in SR2000 explaining how performance against each PSA target will be measured; and
    "
    not only allocated near cash spending to departments, but also – since SR2002 - set Resource DEL plans for non cash spending.
    To identify what further investments and reforms are needed to equip the UK for the global challenges of the decade ahead, on 19 July 2005 the Chief Secretary to the Treasury announced that the Government intends to launch a second Comprehensive Spending Review (CSR) reporting in 2007.
    A decade on from the first CSR, the 2007 CSR will represent a long-term and fundamental review of government expenditure. It will cover departmental allocations for 2008-09, 2009-10 and 2010 11. Allocations for 2007-08 will be held to the agreed figures already announced by the 2004 Spending Review. To provide a rigorous analytical framework for these departmental allocations, the Government will be taking forward a programme of preparatory work over 2006 involving:
    "
    an assessment of what the sustained increases in spending and reforms to public service delivery have achieved since the first CSR. The assessment will inform the setting of new objectives for the decade ahead;
    " "
    an examination of the key long-term trends and challenges that will shape the next decade – including demographic and socio-economic change, globalisation, climate and environmental change, global insecurity and technological change – together with an assessment of how public services will need to respond;
    " "
    to release the resources needed to address these challenges, and to continue to secure maximum value for money from public spending over the CSR period, a set of zero-based reviews of departments’ baseline expenditure to assess its effectiveness in delivering the Government’s long-term objectives; together with
    "
    further development of the efficiency programme, building on the cross cutting areas identified in the Gershon Review, to embed and extend ongoing efficiency savings into departmental expenditure planning.
    The 2007 CSR also offers the opportunity to continue to refine the PSA framework so that it drives effective delivery and the attainment of ambitious national standards.
    Public Service Agreements (PSAs) were introduced in the 1998 CSR. They set out agreed targets detailing the outputs and outcomes departments are expected to deliver with the resources allocated to them. The new spending regime places a strong emphasis on outcome targets, for example in providing for better health and higher educational standards or service standards. The introduction in SR2004 of PSA ‘standards’ will ensure that high standards in priority areas are maintained.
    The Government monitors progress against PSA targets, and departments report in detail twice a year in their annual Departmental Reports (published in spring) and in their autumn performance reports. These reports provide Parliament and the public with regular updates on departments’ performance against their targets.
    Technical Notes explain how performance against each PSA target will be measured.
    To make the most of both new investment and existing assets, there needs to be a coherent long term strategy against which investment decisions are taken. Departmental Investment Strategies (DIS) set out each department's plans to deliver the scale and quality of capital stock needed to underpin its objectives. The DIS includes information about the department's existing capital stock and future plans for that stock, as well as plans for new investment. It also sets out the systems that the department has in place to ensure that it delivers its capital programmes effectively.
    This document was updated on 19 December 2005.
    Near-cash resource expenditure that has a related cash implication, even though the timing of the cash payment may be slightly different. For example, expenditure on gas or electricity supply is incurred as the fuel is used, though the cash payment might be made in arrears on aquarterly basis. Other examples of near-cash expenditure are: pay, rental.Net cash requirement the upper limit agreed by Parliament on the cash which a department may draw from theConsolidated Fund to finance the expenditure within the ambit of its Request forResources. It is equal to the agreed amount of net resources and net capital less non-cashitems and working capital.Non-cash cost costs where there is no cash transaction but which are included in a body’s accounts (or taken into account in charging for a service) to establish the true cost of all the resourcesused.Non-departmental a body which has a role in the processes of government, but is not a government public body, NDPBdepartment or part of one. NDPBs accordingly operate at arm’s length from governmentMinisters.Notional cost of a cost which is taken into account in setting fees and charges to improve comparability with insuranceprivate sector service providers.The charge takes account of the fact that public bodies donot generally pay an insurance premium to a commercial insurer.the independent body responsible for collecting and publishing official statistics about theUK’s society and economy. (At the time of going to print legislation was progressing tochange this body to the Statistics Board).Office of Government an office of the Treasury, with a status similar to that of an agency, which aims to maximise Commerce, OGCthe government’s purchasing power for routine items and combine professional expertiseto bear on capital projects.Office of the the government department responsible for discharging the Paymaster General’s statutoryPaymaster General,responsibilities to hold accounts and make payments for government departments and OPGother public bodies.Orange bookthe informal title for Management of Risks: Principles and Concepts, which is published by theTreasury for the guidance of public sector bodies.Office for NationalStatistics, ONS60Managing Public Money
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    "
    GLOSSARYOverdraftan account with a negative balance.Parliament’s formal agreement to authorise an activity or expenditure.Prerogative powerspowers exercisable under the Royal Prerogative, ie powers which are unique to the Crown,as contrasted with common-law powers which may be available to the Crown on the samebasis as to natural persons.Primary legislationActs which have been passed by the Westminster Parliament and, where they haveappropriate powers, the Scottish Parliament and the Northern Ireland Assembly. Begin asBills until they have received Royal Assent.arrangements under which a public sector organisation contracts with a private sectorentity to construct a facility and provide associated services of a specified quality over asustained period. See annex 7.5.Proprietythe principle that patterns of resource consumption should respect Parliament’s intentions,conventions and control procedures, including any laid down by the PAC. See box 2.4.Public Accountssee Committee of Public Accounts.CommitteePublic corporationa trading body controlled by central government, local authority or other publiccorporation that has substantial day to day operating independence. See section 7.8.Public Dividend finance provided by government to public sector bodies as an equity stake; an alternative to Capital, PDCloan finance.Public Service sets out what the public can expect the government to deliver with its resources. EveryAgreement, PSAlarge government department has PSA(s) which specify deliverables as targets or aimsrelated to objectives.a structured arrangement between a public sector and a private sector organisation tosecure an outcome delivering good value for money for the public sector. It is classified tothe public or private sector according to which has more control.Rate of returnthe financial remuneration delivered by a particular project or enterprise, expressed as apercentage of the net assets employed.Regularitythe principle that resource consumption should accord with the relevant legislation, therelevant delegated authority and this document. See box 2.4.Request for the functional level into which departmental Estimates may be split. RfRs contain a number Resources, RfRof functions being carried out by the department in pursuit of one or more of thatdepartment’s objectives.Resource accountan accruals account produced in line with the Financial Reporting Manual (FReM).Resource accountingthe system under which budgets, Estimates and accounts are constructed in a similar wayto commercial audited accounts, so that both plans and records of expenditure allow in fullfor the goods and services which are to be, or have been, consumed – ie not just the cashexpended.Resource budgetthe means by which the government plans and controls the expenditure of resources tomeet its objectives.Restitutiona legal concept which allows money and property to be returned to its rightful owner. Ittypically operates where another person can be said to have been unjustly enriched byreceiving such monies.Return on capital the ratio of profit to capital employed of an accounting entity during an identified period.employed, ROCEVarious measures of profit and of capital employed may be used in calculating the ratio.Public Privatepartnership, PPPPrivate Finance Initiative, PFIParliamentaryauthority61Managing Public Money
    "
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    GLOSSARYRoyal charterthe document setting out the powers and constitution of a corporation established underprerogative power of the monarch acting on Privy Council advice.Second readingthe second formal time that a House of Parliament may debate a bill, although in practicethe first substantive debate on its content. If successful, it is deemed to denoteParliamentary approval of the principle of the proposed legislation.Secondary legislationlaws, including orders and regulations, which are made using powers in primary legislation.Normally used to set out technical and administrative provision in greater detail thanprimary legislation, they are subject to a less intense level of scrutiny in Parliament.European legislation is,however,often implemented in secondary legislation using powers inthe European Communities Act 1972.Service-level agreement between parties, setting out in detail the level of service to be performed.agreementWhere agreements are between central government bodies, they are not legally a contractbut have a similar function.Shareholder Executive a body created to improve the government’s performance as a shareholder in businesses.Spending reviewsets out the key improvements in public services that the public can expect over a givenperiod. It includes a thorough review of departmental aims and objectives to find the bestway of delivering the government’s objectives, and sets out the spending plans for the givenperiod.State aidstate support for a domestic body or company which could distort EU competition and sois not usually allowed. See annex 4.9.Statement of Excessa formal statement detailing departments’ overspends prepared by the Comptroller andAuditor General as a result of undertaking annual audits.Statement on Internal an annual statement that Accounting Officers are required to make as part of the accounts Control, SICon a range of risk and control issues.Subheadindividual elements of departmental expenditure identifiable in Estimates as single cells, forexample cell A1 being administration costs within a particular line of departmental spending.Supplyresources voted by Parliament in response to Estimates, for expenditure by governmentdepartments.Supply Estimatesa statement of the resources the government needs in the coming financial year, and forwhat purpose(s), by which Parliamentary authority is sought for the planned level ofexpenditure and income.Target rate of returnthe rate of return required of a project or enterprise over a given period, usually at least a year.Third sectorprivate sector bodies which do not act commercially,including charities,social and voluntaryorganisations and other not-for-profit collectives. See annex 7.7.Total Managed a Treasury budgeting term which covers all current and capital spending carried out by the Expenditure,TMEpublic sector (ie not just by central departments).Trading fundan organisation (either within a government department or forming one) which is largely orwholly financed from commercial revenue generated by its activities. Its Estimate shows itsnet impact, allowing its income from receipts to be devoted entirely to its business.Treasury Minutea formal administrative document drawn up by the Treasury, which may serve a wide varietyof purposes including seeking Parliamentary approval for the use of receipts asappropriations in aid, a remission of some or all of the principal of voted loans, andresponding on behalf of the government to reports by the Public Accounts Committee(PAC).62Managing Public Money
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    GLOSSARY63Managing Public MoneyValue for moneythe process under which organisation’s procurement, projects and processes aresystematically evaluated and assessed to provide confidence about suitability, effectiveness,prudence,quality,value and avoidance of error and other waste,judged for the public sectoras a whole.Virementthe process through which funds are moved between subheads such that additionalexpenditure on one is met by savings on one or more others.Votethe process by which Parliament approves funds in response to supply Estimates.Voted expenditureprovision for expenditure that has been authorised by Parliament. Parliament ‘votes’authority for public expenditure through the Supply Estimates process. Most expenditureby central government departments is authorised in this way.Wider market activity activities undertaken by central government organisations outside their statutory duties,using spare capacity and aimed at generating a commercial profit. See annex 7.6.Windfallmonies received by a department which were not anticipated in the spending review.
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    Англо-русский экономический словарь > near cash

  • 4 clean

    1. n разг. чистка, уборка
    2. n спорт. чистое взятие веса на грудь
    3. a чистый; опрятный
    4. a мед. чистый, асептический; незаражённый
    5. a чистоплотный; приученный
    6. a добродетельный
    7. a незапятнанный; нескомпрометированный

    to have a clean record — иметь чистый послужной список; иметь хорошую репутацию

    8. a разг. невиновный, не совершивший приписываемого ему преступления

    the suspect claimed that he was clean — подозреваемый утверждал, что не имеет к делу никакого отношения

    9. a приличный, пристойный; уместный
    10. a свежий, чистый, не бывший в употреблении
    11. a чистый, без примеси; цельный
    12. a физ. хим. нерадиоактивный
    13. a муз. технически чистый
    14. a с чистым днищем, без обрастания
    15. a с пустыми трюмами
    16. a амер. сл. без гроша в кармане; на мели
    17. a амер. сл. не имеющий при себе оружия, наркотиков или контрабанды

    the police searched him, but he was clean — полиция его обыскала, но ничего не нашла

    18. a амер. сл. не страдающий наркоманией

    side horse exercises must be composed of clean swings without stops — упражнения на коне - махи должны состоять из чисто маховых движений без остановок

    19. a амер. сл. рел. чистый, кошерный, разрешённый к употреблению евреям

    clean clear coated: ?? — чистое и четкое изображение "СЗ"

    20. a амер. сл. хорошо сложённый, пропорциональный; хорошей формы
    21. a амер. сл. обтекаемый, обтекаемой формы
    22. a амер. сл. сл. элегантно, стильно одетый; одетый по моде

    a spanking clean floor — пол, сверкающий чистотой

    23. a амер. сл. гладкий, ровный

    clean coast — ровный, безопасный для плавания берег

    24. a амер. сл. ровный, без шероховатых или зазубренных краёв
    25. a амер. сл. хорошо сделанный; искусный

    a clean piece of work — мастерски выполненное изделие, тонкая работа

    26. a амер. сл. честный, справедливый, подобающий спортсмену
    27. a амер. сл. квалифицированный, ловкий; чисто выполненный
    28. a амер. сл. лес. с. -х. сплошной

    the clean thing — честность, прямота, откровенность

    clean sailing — лёгкая задача; приятное занятие

    to have clean hands in a matter — не быть замешанным в деле; быть невиновным

    to show a clean pair of heels — убежать, удрать

    29. adv эмоц. -усил. совершенно, полностью

    clean broke — совершенно разорённый, обанкротившийся; без всяких средств

    30. adv эмоц. -усил. прямо
    31. adv эмоц. -усил. разг. начисто
    32. adv эмоц. -усил. честно, добросовестно
    33. v чистить; очищать
    34. v промывать; очищать
    35. v потрошить
    36. v спец. обрабатывать начисто
    37. v спец. полировать
    38. v спец. сглаживать
    39. v спец. трепать
    40. v спец. взять вес на грудь
    Синонимический ряд:
    1. adroit (adj.) adept; adroit; deft; dexterous
    2. chaste (adj.) chaste; cleanly; sanitary; taintless; unblemished
    3. decent (adj.) decent; decorous; honorable; modest; wholesome
    4. fair (adj.) fair; sporting; sportsmanlike; sportsmanly
    5. faultless (adj.) faultless; flawless; perfect
    6. innocent (adj.) blameless; crimeless; guiltless; inculpable; innocent; moral; unguilty; upright; virtuous
    7. not dirty (adj.) cleansed; not dirty; scrubbed; unsoiled; washed
    8. pure (adj.) clear; distilled; elutriated; lily-white; pure; purified; refined; sweet; unadulterated; uncorrupted; undefiled; unmixed; unstained; untainted
    9. shapely (adj.) flowing; graceful; light; neat; shapely; slender; smooth; trim; well proportioned
    10. stainless (adj.) antiseptic; immaculate; spotless; stainless; unsullied
    11. tidy (adj.) correct; distinct; legible; orderly; plain; readable; regular; systematic; tidy
    12. total (adj.) complete; conclusive; decisive; entire; total; unimpaired; whole
    13. uncontaminated (adj.) decontaminated; drug-free; non-toxic; not radioactive; safe; uncontaminated; uninfected; unpolluted
    14. clean up (verb) bowdlerise; bowdlerize; censor; clean up; edit; expunge; expurgate; sanitise; sanitize
    15. cleanse (verb) bathe; brush; cleanse; launder; scour; scrub; sweep; wash; wipe
    16. clear (verb) clear; police; spruce; straighten
    17. deodorize (verb) deodorize; disinfect; sterilize
    18. dress (verb) dress; gut
    19. order (verb) order; straighten up; tidy
    20. purify (verb) clarify; decontaminate; depurate; filter; process; purge; purify; refine; strain
    21. cleanly (other) cleanly; neatly; sharply; tidily
    22. completely (other) altogether; completely; entirely; fully; out and out; perfectly; thoroughly; totally
    Антонимический ряд:
    adulterated; awkward; clumsy; contaminated; corrupt; defiled; dirty; filthy; foul; immoral; imperfect; impure; mess up; messy; mixed; radioactive; spotted

    English-Russian base dictionary > clean

  • 5 Fibreglas

    Fibreglas textile fibres are produced by two methods, the continuous filament process and staple fibre process. In each process glass marbles, made from melted and refined raw materials are remelted in small electrical furnaces, each of which has many small holes in the base of the melting chamber, through which the molten glass flows in fine streams by gravity. In the continuous filament process more than 100 filaments are drawn simultaneously and gathered into a thread or strand. The strand is attached to a high-speed winder that, as it draws the strand, attentuates each stream of molten glass to a fraction of the diameter of the hole through which it emerges. In the staple fibre process the streams of molten glass are struck by jets of high-pressure air or steam which attentuate the glass into fibres varying in length from 8-in. to 15-in. These fibres are driven on to a revolving drum on which they form a web, which is gathered from the drum and wound on to a tube in the form of a sliver. Strands of either continuous filament or staple fibres are twisted and plied into yarns on standard textile machinery. Fibreglas yarns are particularly suitable where fire-proofness, resistance to acids or other chemicals other than alkalis is demanded. Uses include electrical yarns, cords, tapes, cloths and sleevings which form the basis for a plain and varnished or impregnated electrical insulation material; chemical filter fabrics, anode bags used in electroplating, wicking for oil lamps and stoves, pump diaphragms, special fabrics for resisting high-temperature fumes and acids, facing materials for insulating or acoustical blankets, also rubber-coated, acid-proof and waterproof fabrics. Decorative uses include draperies, shower curtains, tablecloths, bedspreads, lamp shades and some apparel accessories, such as men's neckties. Also decorative work in architecture, dress fabrics, particularly for fancy effects, non-stretching cord for use in radio indicating dials, bookbinding, fire-screens, etc.

    Dictionary of the English textile terms > Fibreglas

  • 6 technology

    tekˈnɔlədʒɪ сущ.
    1) техника;
    технические и прикладные науки
    2) технология to apply, employ technology ≈ применять технологию, использовать методику to create, develop (a) technology ≈ создавать, разрабатывать методику to export, transfer technology (to developing countries) ≈ передавать технологию (развивающимся странам) high technology (тж. high tech) ≈ высокая технология state-of-the-art technology ≈ внедренная технология
    3) специальная терминология техника;
    технические и прикладные науки - microprocessor * микропроцессорная техника - * assessment прогноз развития техники - school of * техническое училище - the age of * век техники - the impact of advanced * on society воздействие современной техники на общество - the application of new technologies применение новой техники научная аппаратура - aerial and satellite technologies наувчная аппаратура, устанавливаемая на самолетах и спутниках техника, специальные приемы - the * of repression has become more refined техника подавлен6ия оппозиционных настроений стала более тонкой технология - nuclear * ядерная технология - non-waste * безотходная технология - low-waste * малоотходная технология - polymer * технология производства полимеров - high * cовременная технологияв - petrochemical plants and other high * нефтехимические заводы и другие элементы современной технологии специальная терминология adverse effects of new ~ отрицательные последствия внедрения новой техники и технологий (для трудящихся) computer ~ машинная технология gene ~ генная технология high ~ тонкая технология information ~ информационная технология management ~ методы управления technology специальная терминология ~ техника;
    технические и прикладные науки ~ технология winchester ~ вчт. винчестерская технология workbench ~ автоматизированная технология

    Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > technology

  • 7 technology

    [tekʹnɒlədʒı] n
    1. 1) техника; технические и прикладные науки

    microprocessor [computer, medical, military] technology - микропроцессорная [вычислительная, медицинская, военная] техника

    the impact of advanced technology on society - воздействие современной техники на общество

    the application of new technologies - применение новой техники /технических новинок/

    2) научная аппаратура

    aerial and satellite technologies - научная аппаратура, устанавливаемая на самолётах и спутниках

    3) техника, специальные приёмы

    the technology of repression has become more refined - техника /приёмы/ подавления оппозиционных настроений стала более тонкой /стали более тонкими/

    2. технология

    petrochemical plants and other high technology - нефтехимические заводы и другие элементы современной технологии

    3. специальная терминология

    НБАРС > technology

  • 8 sugar

    ['ʃuɡə] 1. noun
    (the sweet substance that is obtained from sugar-cane, or from the juice of certain other plants, and used in cooking and for sweetening tea, coffee etc: Do you take sugar in your coffee?) açúcar
    2. verb
    (to sweeten, cover or sprinkle with sugar.) adoçar
    - sugariness
    - sugar-cane
    - sugar-coated
    - sugar-free
    - sugar lump
    - sugar tongs
    * * *
    sug.ar
    [ʃ'ugə] n 1 açúcar. 2 fig adulação. 3 coll benzinho, amorzinho (forma de tratamento). 4 sl dinheiro. • vt+vi 1 adoçar. 2 cobrir com açúcar. 3 formar açúcar. 4 tornar agradável. beet sugar açúcar de beterraba. brown sugar açúcar mascavo. caster sugar açúcar branco refinado muito fino. confectioner’s sugar açúcar de confeiteiro. cub sugar açúcar em cubos. granulated sugar açúcar branco comum. heavy sugar sl muito dinheiro. lump sugar açúcar em tabletes. maple sugar açúcar de bordo. muscovado sugar açúcar mascavado. raw sugar açúcar bruto. refined sugar açúcar refinado. sugar of lead Chem acetato de chumbo. to sugar the pill dourar a pílula.

    English-Portuguese dictionary > sugar

  • 9 sugar

    ['ʃuɡə] 1. noun
    (the sweet substance that is obtained from sugar-cane, or from the juice of certain other plants, and used in cooking and for sweetening tea, coffee etc: Do you take sugar in your coffee?) sladkor
    2. verb
    (to sweeten, cover or sprinkle with sugar.) sladkati
    - sugariness
    - sugar-cane
    - sugar-coated
    - sugar-free
    - sugar lump
    - sugar tongs
    * * *
    I [šú:gə]
    noun
    sladkor; saharoza; plural vrste sladkorja; figuratively sladkost, ljubkost; figuratively dobrikave, nežne, prilizovalne besede, dobrikanje, laskanje, prilizovanje; osladitev; slang denar; sneg; ljubček
    brown sugar — samo enkrat rafiniran sl.
    castor sugar, powdered sugar — sladkor v prahu
    cane sugar — sl. iz sladkornega trsta
    crystal sugar — kristalni sl.
    cube sugar, lump sugar — sl. v kockah
    fruit sugar — sadni sl., fruktoza
    grape sugar — grozdni sl., dekstroza, glukoza
    heavy sugar American slang mnogo, kup denarja
    icing sugar, confectioner's sugar — sladkor v prahu
    raw sugar — nerafiniran sl.
    refined sugar — rafiniran sl.
    white sugar — prečiščen sl., rafinada
    to be sugar on s.o. figuratively biti do ušes zaljubljen v koga
    II [šú:gə]
    1.
    transitive verb
    osladiti, sladkati; prevleči ali posuti s sladkorjem; figuratively osladiti; laskati, dobrikati se (komu); ublažiti, prekriti (kaj) s sladkimi besedami, prigovarjati (komu) s sladkimi besedami; American slang podkupiti
    to sugar the pill — osladiti pilulo, figuratively neprijetno stvar napraviti privlačno;
    2.
    intransitive verb
    sladiti, kristalizirati; slang nemarno, leno, brez volje delati, zabušavati;
    3.
    interjection American colloquially (zaničljivo)
    pah!, (nestrpno) ah kaj!

    English-Slovenian dictionary > sugar

  • 10 speech

    [spiːtʃ]
    n
    1) речь, говор, диалект, речевая деятельность, манера говорить

    Sometimes gestures are more expressive than speech. — Иногда жесты красноречивее слов.

    Man is the only animal that has the power/faculty of speech. — Человек - единственное живое существо, обладающее даром речи.

    - irritating speech
    - refined speech
    - ordinary speech
    - dialectal speech
    - London speech
    - everyday speech
    - continuous speech
    - cultural speech
    - formal speech
    - affected speech
    - disrespectful speech
    - rasping speech
    - blunt speech
    - flattering speech
    - oral speech
    - gutteral speech
    - human speech
    - direct speech
    - speech habits
    - speech marks
    - speech therapy
    - speech underdevelopment
    - speech abnormality
    - power of speech
    - error of speech
    - part of speech
    - fugure of speech
    - stream of speech
    - sounds of speech
    - type of speech
    - by smb's speech
    - abandon one's native speech
    - be slow of speech
    - charge one's speech with commonplace phrases
    - copy smb in speech
    - get used to the speech predominant here
    - imitate other people's speech
    - improve one's speech
    - lose one's power speech
    - recover one's speech
    - use many quotations in speech
    - be startled beyond speech
    - change direct speech into indirect speech
    - enjoy freedom of speech
    2) речь, выступление, доклад

    It is a smart speech for a five-year old. — Для пятилетнего ребенка, он очень умно говорит.

    Dull speeches are better than dull silences. — Скучные речи лучше томительного молчания.

    Speech is silver, but silence is gold. — ◊ Слово - серебро, а молчание - золото

    - political speech
    - eloquent speech
    - keynote speech
    - congratulatory speech
    - acceptance speech
    - inaugural speech
    - election speech
    - throne speech
    - after dinner speech
    - platform speech
    - holiday speeches
    - five-minute speech
    - touching speech
    - set speech
    - quick flashing speech of challenge
    - maiden speech in Parlament
    - speech about smth
    - speech of great courage
    - speech of welcome
    - speech on the war
    - speech for the prosecution
    - subject of his speech
    - at the end of the speech
    - address a speech to the delegates
    - applaud a speech
    - listen to a speech
    - attack smb in one's speech
    - be deeply stirred by the speech
    - be good at making speeches
    - begin the speech with an apology
    - break off one's speech
    - close one's speech
    - compose a speech
    - deliver a speech from one's notes
    - drag out draw out one's speech
    - interrupt a speech
    - record a speech
    - limit smb's speech to ten minutes
    - make a speech
    - make a speech on smb's behalf
    - make an impressive and eloquent speech to the demonstators
    - receive the speech warmly
    - report a speech
    - take smb's speech down in shorthand
    - write a speech

    English-Russian combinatory dictionary > speech

  • 11 Maxim, Sir Hiram Stevens

    [br]
    b. 5 February 1840 Brockway's Mills, Maine, USA
    d. 24 November 1916 Streatham, London, England
    [br]
    American (naturalized British) inventor; designer of the first fully automatic machine gun and of an experimental steam-powered aircraft.
    [br]
    Maxim was born the son of a pioneer farmer who later became a wood turner. Young Maxim was first apprenticed to a carriage maker and then embarked on a succession of jobs before joining his uncle in his engineering firm in Massachusetts in 1864. As a young man he gained a reputation as a boxer, but it was his uncle who first identified and encouraged Hiram's latent talent for invention.
    It was not, however, until 1878, when Maxim joined the first electric-light company to be established in the USA, as its Chief Engineer, that he began to make a name for himself. He developed an improved light filament and his electric pressure regulator not only won a prize at the first International Electrical Exhibition, held in Paris in 1881, but also resulted in his being made a Chevalier de la Légion d'honneur. While in Europe he was advised that weapons development was a more lucrative field than electricity; consequently, he moved to England and established a small laboratory at Hatton Garden, London. He began by investigating improvements to the Gatling gun in order to produce a weapon with a faster rate of fire and which was more accurate. In 1883, by adapting a Winchester carbine, he successfully produced a semi-automatic weapon, which used the recoil to cock the gun automatically after firing. The following year he took this concept a stage further and produced a fully automatic belt-fed weapon. The recoil drove barrel and breechblock to the vent. The barrel then halted, while the breechblock, now unlocked from the former, continued rearwards, extracting the spent case and recocking the firing mechanism. The return spring, which it had been compressing, then drove the breechblock forward again, chambering the next round, which had been fed from the belt, as it did so. Keeping the trigger pressed enabled the gun to continue firing until the belt was expended. The Maxim gun, as it became known, was adopted by almost every army within the decade, and was to remain in service for nearly fifty years. Maxim himself joined forces with the large British armaments firm of Vickers, and the Vickers machine gun, which served the British Army during two world wars, was merely a refined version of the Maxim gun.
    Maxim's interests continued to occupy several fields of technology, including flight. In 1891 he took out a patent for a steam-powered aeroplane fitted with a pendulous gyroscopic stabilizer which would maintain the pitch of the aeroplane at any desired inclination (basically, a simple autopilot). Maxim decided to test the relationship between power, thrust and lift before moving on to stability and control. He designed a lightweight steam-engine which developed 180 hp (135 kW) and drove a propeller measuring 17 ft 10 in. (5.44 m) in diameter. He fitted two of these engines into his huge flying machine testrig, which needed a wing span of 104 ft (31.7 m) to generate enough lift to overcome a total weight of 4 tons. The machine was not designed for free flight, but ran on one set of rails with a second set to prevent it rising more than about 2 ft (61 cm). At Baldwyn's Park in Kent on 31 July 1894 the huge machine, carrying Maxim and his crew, reached a speed of 42 mph (67.6 km/h) and lifted off its rails. Unfortunately, one of the restraining axles broke and the machine was extensively damaged. Although it was subsequently repaired and further trials carried out, these experiments were very expensive. Maxim eventually abandoned the flying machine and did not develop his idea for a stabilizer, turning instead to other projects. At the age of almost 70 he returned to the problems of flight and designed a biplane with a petrol engine: it was built in 1910 but never left the ground.
    In all, Maxim registered 122 US and 149 British patents on objects ranging from mousetraps to automatic spindles. Included among them was a 1901 patent for a foot-operated suction cleaner. In 1900 he became a British subject and he was knighted the following year. He remained a larger-than-life figure, both physically and in character, until the end of his life.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Chevalier de la Légion d'Honneur 1881. Knighted 1901.
    Bibliography
    1908, Natural and Artificial Flight, London. 1915, My Life, London: Methuen (autobiography).
    Further Reading
    Obituary, 1916, Engineer (1 December).
    Obituary, 1916, Engineering (1 December).
    P.F.Mottelay, 1920, The Life and Work of Sir Hiram Maxim, London and New York: John Lane.
    Dictionary of National Biography, 1912–1921, 1927, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
    CM / JDS

    Biographical history of technology > Maxim, Sir Hiram Stevens

  • 12 oil production (chain)

    1. производство нефти

     

    производство нефти
    —
    [ http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]

    EN

    oil production (chain)
    The petroleum industry is a complex industry utilizing complex combination of interdependent operations engaged in the storage and transportation, separation of crude molecular constituents, molecular cracking, molecular rebuilding and solvent finishing to produce petrochemical products. Treatment may involve oil separation, precipitation, adsorption, and biological treatment. The refining operations can be divided into four major steps: separation, conversion, treating, and blending. The crude oil is first separated into selected fractions (gasoline, kerosine, fuel oil, etc.). Some of the less valuable products such as heavy naphtha, are converted to products with a greater sale value such as gasoline. The final step is the blending of the refined base stocks with each other and various additive to meet final product specifications. The major pollutants emitted are sulphur oxides, nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, and malodorous materials. (Source: PZ)
    [http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]

    Тематики

    EN

    DE

    FR

    Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > oil production (chain)

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